DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS AND INNOVATIVE PROJECTS FOUNDATION (FUND CNT)

"Transition to Hydrogen Energy is the main Key
to the Triumph of all Humanity"

STORAGE & TRANSPORTATION OF HYDROGEN

   One of the most important problems in the development of Hydrogen Energy is the lack of efficient, safe, accessible systems for storage and transportation of Hydrogen. The existing hydrogen storage systems are inferior to other energy carriers * in terms of cost, volume-weight indicators of energy intensity, service infrastructure, etc. At the same time, one more serious limitation of the development of Hydrogen Energy is higher safety requirements.

* – hydrocarbon energy sources (gasoline, diesel, etc.) and electric energy storage technologies Li-ion, LiPo, etc.

FEATURES OF HYDROGEN ENERGY CAPACITY

   The mass calorific value of Hydrogen (120 MJ/kg) is the highest among traditional chemical fuels:

  • natural gas (48.5 MJ/kg);
  • gasoline (45.5 MJ/kg);
  • diesel fuel (42.6 MJ/kg);
  • coal (29.4 MJ/kg).

  However, if we compare the same types of fuel in terms of volumetric calorific value, then Hydrogen (under normal conditions) will have the lowest energy release of 10.7 MJ/m3.

Mass calorific value of chemical fuels under normal conditions, (MJ/kg)

1. Hydrogen

120 MJ/kg

100%
2. Natural gas
40.41%
3. Gasoline
37.91%
4. Diesel fuel
35.5%
5. Coal
24.5%

The volumetric calorific value of chemical fuels under normal conditions, (MJ/m3)

1. Coal

38220 MJ/m3

 100%
2. Diesel fuel
95.8%
3. Gasoline
84.5%
4. Natural gas
0.1%
5. Hydrogen
0.03%

Cryogenic or compressed storage of HYDROGEN

   Low density = 0.08987 g / l (under normal conditions) imposes serious restrictions on the distribution of Hydrogen in the World as a source of environmentally friendly energy. Currently, there are several ways to increase the density of stored Hydrogen. The most widespread methods are cryogenic – at ultralow temperatures (T = 20K, ρ = 70.8 g / l), and compressed storage of Hydrogen at high pressures (P = 70 MPa, ρ = 39.42 g / l). Despite the obvious higher density of liquid Hydrogen than compressed*, still compressed storage has a higher potential for the development of specific energy intensity.

* – We are talking about compressed Hydrogen up to a working pressure of 70 MPa, used in modern composite cylinders (Type IV)

Cryogenic or compressed storage of HYDROGEN

   World manufacturers of composite cylinders could not find technical solutions to increase the hydrogen content (% mass *). Today this indicator for the most modern composite cylinders (Type IV) does not exceed 6.5-7% of the mass. Their further modernization – the thickening of the walls of the cylinders, the search for new materials did not lead to a significant improvement in these indicators. Therefore, the situation is ripe for fundamentally new solutions in the field of hydrogen accumulation. Such a solution can be the microballoon principle of hydrogen storage (MPH), discovered back in the days of the USSR in the 60s of the last century, by a group of Soviet scientists headed by the Nobel Laureate, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Russian Academy of Sciences – Nikolay G. Basov.


* – The ratio of the mass of stored Hydrogen to the mass of the storage system.

Note:
Liquid Hydrogen (ρ = 70.8 g/l at T = 20K) is equivalent to gaseous compressed hydrogen up to 170 MPa

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